ABSTRACT
The posterior division of the mandibular nerve is known to have three branches in the infra temporal fossa namely lingual, inferior alveolar and auriculotemporal nerves. These branches mainly innervate oral and temporomandibular structures like tongue, lower gingiva, mandibular bone, teeth, and part of the lower lip, chin and salivary glands. We describe a case with unusual communications between these branches. The knowledge of any unusual communications among these branches is highly significant due to the various treatment procedures undertaken in the region.
ABSTRACT
Background: Determination apex of sacral hiatus (SH) is of paramount importance to Anaesthetists, Orthopaedicians, Obstetricians and Gynaecologists for caudal epidural block (CEB). Dorsal sacral dimensions were therefore taken to facilitate them for easy location of SH. Methods: Following parameters of each of the sixty human sacra were measured using vernier calipers at the level of spinous process of second sacral vertebra (S2). a) Distance between the two supero-lateral crests b) Distance between the right supero-lateral crest level to the apex of sacral hiatus (SH) c) Distance between the left supero-lateral crest to the apex of SH d) Distance from the spinous process of S2 to the apex of SH e) Distance from the spinous process of S2 to the base of SH The data obtained was analysed statistically. Results: Mean of the distance between the two supero-lateral crests was 51 ± 6.37 mm and 52.7 ± 5.30 mm in males and females respectively, mean of the distance between the right supero-lateral crest and the left supero-lateral crest to the apex of SH was 45.91 ± 6.94 mm in males 42.50 ± 11.23 mm in females and 44.74 ± 6.77 mm in males and 42.50 ± 10.97 mm in females respectively , vertical distance from spinous process of S2 to the apex of SH in males and females was 38.83 ± 9.33 mm and 32.4 ± 1.64 mm respectively. Vertical distance from spinous process of S2 to the base of sacral hiatus was 59.20 mm ± 10.81 mm in males and 52.80 ± 9.18 mm in females. Conclusion: From the data obtained it was concluded that an isosceles triangle was formed between the two supero-lateral crests at the level of spinous process of S2 and the apex of SH.
ABSTRACT
Objective: This study aimed to assess the orbital index which varies with race, regions, within the same race and periods in evolution. The knowledge of this index is therefore important in various aspects such as in interpretation of fossil records, skull classification in forensic medicine and in exploring the trends in evolutionary and ethnic differences. The documented ranges of this index in different nationalistic groups will assist in skull identification. Method: Sixty eight skulls were obtained from the Anatomy Department of University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi for the present study. To prevent interobserver and intraobserver error two individuals measured the parameters independently with predetermined procedures. Vernier calipers accurate to 0.1mm and a 30mm ruler were used to measure the width and height of the orbits and a tapeline was used to measure the length and width of the skull. Result: The mean orbital height was found to be 33.47 ±1.56mm and 33.65 ±1.53mm whereas the mean orbital width was 42.06 ±1.68mm and 41.87 ±1.73mm on the right and left sides respectively. The mean orbital index was 79.65 ±4.02mm and 80.49 ±4.67mm on right and left sides respectively. The mean width of the skull was 128.71±5.94mm whereas the mean height of skull was 130.96 ± 4.07mm. Data obtained was statistically analyzed. Conclusion: Comparison of results from previous studies makes it evident that there is a large variation of the anatomical characteristics of the orbital cavity, not only due to the diversity of the used parameters, but also due to ethnic differences, the different measurement method and sample size. Data collected in the present investigation could serve as data base for the quantitative description of human orbital morphology during normal growth and development considering sex and ethnic related variation.